Question 1

Recordings of extrafusal muscle tension and accompanying sensory discharge from muscle spindles reveal that

Accepted Answer

A)   stimulation of α motoneurons is required to elicit a response from fusiform γ efferents.
B)   fusiform efferents respond when extrafusal muscle fibers are relaxed.
C)   fusiform efferents respond only if extrafusal muscle fibers are stimulated.
D)   intrafusal muscle fibers' work load is proportional to that of the extrafusal muscle fibers.
E)   intrafusal muscle fibers exhibit either maximum tension or none at all, depending on the tension experienced by the extrafusal muscle fibers.F) C) and D)
G) A) and B)

Question 2

One of the main hallmark clinical symptoms of Parkinson's Disease is uncontrolled tremors throughout the body. This strongly indicates that this disease involves the

Accepted Answer

A)   cerebellum.
B)   motor cortex.
C)   corticospinal tract.
D)   basal ganglia.
E)   red nucleus.F) A) and D)
G) A) and C)

Question 3

The muscles on which strength training (e.g., power-lifting, weight-lifting, resistance training)  depends would

Accepted Answer

A)   be large.
B)   have high endurance capacity.
C)   be highly vascularized.
D)   have high myoglobin content.
E)   have relatively high oxidative capacity.F) C) and D)
G) A) and E)

Question 4

The flexor reflex is also often called the "withdrawal reflex". This is because it

Accepted Answer

A)   is a polysynaptic reflex arc.
B)   is life-preserving or causes avoidance of an aversive stimulus.
C)   causes the animal to withdraw into isolation.
D)   involves each side of the body, one at a time.
E)   involves both sides of the body, sequentially.F) A) and C)
G) A) and E)

Question 5

Which of the following describes the action of dopamine on striatal neurons of the direct and indirect paths, respectively?

Accepted Answer

A)   Facilitates activity, suppresses activity
B)   Facilitates activity, no effect on activity
C)   Suppresses activity, facilitates activity
D)   No effect on activity, facilitates activity
E)   Suppresses activity, no effect on activityF) C) and E)
G) B) and C)

Question 6

Which of the following represents a key feature of the reticulospinal tract?

Accepted Answer

A)   It controls locomotion, balance and posture.
B)   It is one of the major lateral descending pathways.
C)   It descends only as far as the cervical spinal cord.
D)   It controls fine motor skills of the distal limbs.
E)   It controls crude motor skills of the proximal limbs.F) B) and D)
G) A) and E)

Question 7

In the ubiquitous reaction, H2O + CO2 ↔ H2CO3 ↔ HCO3- + H+, found in the blood, explain how a build-up of protons in the blood leads to increased carbon dioxide in the CNS.

Accepted Answer

Protons cannot cross the blood-brain bar...

Question 8

If a skeletal muscle fiber is excised from the body, mounted between two immovable plates, and then concentrically stretched (lengthened) , which will respond more than the other (in terms of firing action potentials) ?

Accepted Answer

A)   A (alpha)  motoneurons will respond more than γ motoneurons.
B)   Γ motoneurons will respond more than α motoneurons.
C)   A (alpha)  and γ motoneurons will respond to the same extent.
D)   Neither α nor γ motoneurons will respond in this artificial setup.
E)   It depends on how much stretch is employed.F) A) and E)
G) A) and D)

Question 9

Describe or draw the inter-relationships in how the motor cortex, pre-frontal cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, spinal cord and brainstem are involved a movement.

Accepted Answer

Thinking of initiating a movement begins...

Question 10

One of the main benefits of α and γ motoneuron coactivation is to

Accepted Answer

A)   provide constant feedback to the brain regarding muscle tension and length.
B)   prevent injury to the muscle because if stretched too much, it will resist stretch.
C)   provide greater flexibility of the muscle.
D)   provide the muscle with greater strength.
E)   allow the muscle to hypertrophy.F) All of the above
G) A) and C)

Question 11

Which projection from the cerebellum indicates that it is involved in fine motor control?

Accepted Answer

A)   To the motor cortex
B)   To the vestibular nuclei
C)   To the reticular nuclei
D)   To the sensorimotor cortex
E)   To the spinal cordF) B) and E)
G) None of the above

Question 12

Experiments by Georgopoulos showed that visually guided arm movements are initiated by corticospinal neurons that were selective for

Accepted Answer

A)   angle.
B)   age.
C)   activity.
D)   proprioception.
E)   direction.F) C) and D)
G) C) and E)

Question 13

In the myotatic knee-jerk reflex, what would happen if the α motoneurons to the hamstrings were severed?

Accepted Answer

A)   The lower leg would tremor.
B)   The thigh would tremor.
C)   The Golgi tendon organ would experience exaggerated stretch.
D)   The intrafusal muscle fibers would extensively.
E)   The extrafusal muscle fibers would stop firing.F) B) and C)
G) C) and E)

Question 14

The origin of the corticospinal tract is in the

Accepted Answer

A)   cerebral cortex.
B)   visual cortex.
C)   frontal cortex.
D)   lateral spinal cord.
E)   medial spinal cord.F) B) and E)
G) C) and D)

Question 15

Central (CNS)  awareness of muscle stretch occurs because of

Accepted Answer

A)   stimulation of α motoneurons.
B)   stimulation of γ motoneurons.
C)   relaxation of α motoneurons.
D)   relaxation of γ motoneurons.
E)   stimulation of both α and γ motoneurons.F) D) and E)
G) A) and E)

Question 16

Reciprocal innervation means that contraction of one muscle set is accompanied by

Accepted Answer

A)   relaxation of an antagonistic muscle.
B)   stimulation of a downstream muscle.
C)   stimulation of its downstream Golgi tendon organs.
D)   inhibition of an antagonistic muscle.
E)   stimulation of an antagonistic muscle.F) All of the above
G) B) and C)

Question 17

Explain what happens to a muscle when it stretches.

Accepted Answer

When a muscle stretches, not only are ex...

Question 18

In physical movements that require a lot of stretching (e.g., yoga) , which of the following will respond more than the other (in terms of firing action potentials) ?

Accepted Answer

A)   A (alpha)  motoneurons will respond more than γ motoneurons.
B)   Γ motoneurons will respond more than α motoneurons.
C)   A (alpha)  and γ motoneurons will respond to the same extent.
D)   Neither α nor γ motoneurons will respond in this artificial setup.
E)   It depends on how much stretch is employed.F) A) and E)
G) A) and B)

Exam 26: Initiation and Control of Coordinated Muscular Movements

In the myotatic knee-jerk reflex, what would happen if the α motoneurons to the hamstrings were severed?

Correct Answer
verified

Describe or draw the inter-relationships in how the motor cortex, pre-frontal cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, spinal cord and brainstem are involved a movement.

Correct Answer
verified
Thinking of initiating a movement begins...
View Answer

One of the main hallmark clinical symptoms of Parkinson's Disease is uncontrolled tremors throughout the body. This strongly indicates that this disease involves the

Correct Answer
verified

Which projection from the cerebellum indicates that it is involved in fine motor control?

Correct Answer
verified

One of the main benefits of α and γ motoneuron coactivation is to

Correct Answer
verified

If a skeletal muscle fiber is excised from the body, mounted between two immovable plates, and then concentrically stretched (lengthened) , which will respond more than the other (in terms of firing action potentials) ?

Correct Answer
verified

Recordings of extrafusal muscle tension and accompanying sensory discharge from muscle spindles reveal that

Correct Answer
verified

Experiments by Georgopoulos showed that visually guided arm movements are initiated by corticospinal neurons that were selective for

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following represents a key feature of the reticulospinal tract?

Correct Answer
verified

Reciprocal innervation means that contraction of one muscle set is accompanied by

Correct Answer
verified

The flexor reflex is also often called the "withdrawal reflex". This is because it

Correct Answer
verified

Explain what happens to a muscle when it stretches.

Correct Answer
verified
When a muscle stretches, not only are ex...
View Answer

Central (CNS) awareness of muscle stretch occurs because of

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following describes the action of dopamine on striatal neurons of the direct and indirect paths, respectively?

Correct Answer
verified

In the ubiquitous reaction, H₂O + CO₂ ↔ H₂CO₃ ↔ HCO₃^- + H⁺, found in the blood, explain how a build-up of protons in the blood leads to increased carbon dioxide in the CNS.

Correct Answer
verified
Protons cannot cross the blood-brain bar...
View Answer

In physical movements that require a lot of stretching (e.g., yoga) , which of the following will respond more than the other (in terms of firing action potentials) ?

Correct Answer
verified

The muscles on which strength training (e.g., power-lifting, weight-lifting, resistance training) depends would

Correct Answer
verified

The origin of the corticospinal tract is in the

Correct Answer
verified

Exam 26: Initiation and Control of Coordinated Muscular Movements

In the myotatic knee-jerk reflex, what would happen if the α motoneurons to the hamstrings were severed?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Describe or draw the inter-relationships in how the motor cortex, pre-frontal cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, spinal cord and brainstem are involved a movement.

Correct AnswerverifiedThinking of initiating a movement begins...View AnswerShow Answer

One of the main hallmark clinical symptoms of Parkinson's Disease is uncontrolled tremors throughout the body. This strongly indicates that this disease involves the

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which projection from the cerebellum indicates that it is involved in fine motor control?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

One of the main benefits of α and γ motoneuron coactivation is to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If a skeletal muscle fiber is excised from the body, mounted between two immovable plates, and then concentrically stretched (lengthened) , which will respond more than the other (in terms of firing action potentials) ?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Recordings of extrafusal muscle tension and accompanying sensory discharge from muscle spindles reveal that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Experiments by Georgopoulos showed that visually guided arm movements are initiated by corticospinal neurons that were selective for

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following represents a key feature of the reticulospinal tract?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Reciprocal innervation means that contraction of one muscle set is accompanied by

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The flexor reflex is also often called the "withdrawal reflex". This is because it

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Explain what happens to a muscle when it stretches.

Correct AnswerverifiedWhen a muscle stretches, not only are ex...View AnswerShow Answer

Central (CNS) awareness of muscle stretch occurs because of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following describes the action of dopamine on striatal neurons of the direct and indirect paths, respectively?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In the ubiquitous reaction, H2O + CO2 ↔ H2CO3 ↔ HCO3- + H+, found in the blood, explain how a build-up of protons in the blood leads to increased carbon dioxide in the CNS.

Correct AnswerverifiedProtons cannot cross the blood-brain bar...View AnswerShow Answer

In physical movements that require a lot of stretching (e.g., yoga) , which of the following will respond more than the other (in terms of firing action potentials) ?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The muscles on which strength training (e.g., power-lifting, weight-lifting, resistance training) depends would

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The origin of the corticospinal tract is in the

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified
Thinking of initiating a movement begins...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified
When a muscle stretches, not only are ex...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

In the ubiquitous reaction, H₂O + CO₂ ↔ H₂CO₃ ↔ HCO₃^- + H⁺, found in the blood, explain how a build-up of protons in the blood leads to increased carbon dioxide in the CNS.

Correct Answer
verified
Protons cannot cross the blood-brain bar...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified