Question 1

What is the purpose of retinol activity equivalents?

Accepted Answer

A)  to provide a factor for converting a quantity of carotenoids to the equivalent amount of vitamin A
B)  to determine the amount of vitamin A lost in food processing
C)  to quantify the decrease in vitamin A function in the body due to exercise or activity
D)  to increase absorption of vitamin A in the bodyE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 2

Beta-carotene is LEAST plentiful in which food?

Accepted Answer

A)  yellow squash
B)  spinach
C)  yellow apples
D)  carrotsE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 3

Which of the following statements regarding vitamin A in the diet is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A)  Preformed vitamin A is found primarily in animal foods.
B)  Provitamin A is found in fish and eggs.
C)  Carotenoids are responsible for the red color in beef.
D)  Provitamin A compounds are called retinoids.E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 4

Vitamin A toxicity occurs most frequently when large amounts of what product is consumed?

Accepted Answer

A)  carrot juice
B)  egg yolks
C)  sweet potatoes
D)  vitamin A supplementsE) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 5

Which part of the body is most affected when keratomalacia occurs?

Accepted Answer

A)  eyes
B)  liver
C)  skin
D)  tongueE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 6

What is the visual pigment that helps transform energy from light into a nerve impulse sent to the brain?

Accepted Answer

A)  retinoic acid.
B)  opsin.
C)  retinal.
D)  rhodopsin.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 7

What is the vitamin D deficiency disease in adults which is characterized by bone and muscle pain?

Accepted Answer

A)  keratomalacia.
B)  osteomalacia.
C)  rickets.
D)  osteoporosis.E) None of the above
F) All of the above

Question 8

Carotenoids can accumulate in the adipose tissue causing skin to appear yellow.Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A)  This is a dangerous toxicity.
B)  This is caused by eating eggs.
C)  This is called hypercarotenemia.
D)  The whites of the eyes turn yellow,like jaundice.E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 9

What is the main reason vitamin D supplements are recommended for the elderly?

Accepted Answer

A)  The synthesis of Vitamin D becomes more efficient as people age.
B)  There is an increase in the vitamin D requirement in older adults,which is difficult to obtain from food sources alone.
C)  There is less production of vitamin D during the winter months.
D)  None of the above choices are correct.E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 10

What is the relationship between vitamin D and its receptor?

Accepted Answer

A)  vitamin D binds to the vitamin D receptor on the cell membrane and initiates changes in metabolic pathways related to bone
B)  vitamin D passes through the cell membrane and binds to DNA,stopping gene expression in cells such as those of the small intestine
C)  vitamin D binds to its receptor in cells of many different organs of the body
D)  vitamin D binds to its receptor in three parts of the body,the small intestine,the kidneys and the boneE) A) and B)
F) All of the above

Question 11

What is the key function of Vitamin A in gene expression?

Accepted Answer

A)  Retinoic acid must bind to a protein in the cell membrane to ensure that a signal is sent to the nucleus to initiate gene expression..
B)  Retinoic acid binds to mRNA to ensure that translation occurs.
C)  Retinoic acid binds to mRNA to ensure that transcription occurs.
D)  Retinoic acid must bind to a protein receptor and then the retinoic acid-protein receptor is able to bind to a regulatory region of DNA.E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 12

What is Vitamin E's primary function in the body?

Accepted Answer

A)  reduction of oxidative stress
B)  increased absorption of calcium in the small intestine.
C)  regulation of acid-base balance.
D)  regulation ofphosphorus levels.E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

Question 13

Which mineral is needed for proper vitamin A transport and metabolism?

Accepted Answer

A)  calcium
B)  iron
C)  phosphorus
D)  zincE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 14

Xerophthalmia occurs when vitamin A is deficient in the diet.What part of the body is affected?

Accepted Answer

A)  ears.
B)  eyes.
C)  skin.
D)  teeth.E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 15

Which statement does NOT describe menaquinones?

Accepted Answer

A)  A form of vitamin K synthesized by bacteria and found in fish oils.
B)  The form of vitamin K typically used in supplements.
C)  The form of vitamin K found in meat.
D)  The form of vitamin K found in plants.E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 16

Why must vitamin K intake be consistent when taking the anti-coagulant drug sodium warfarin?

Accepted Answer

A)  Because warfarin functions by interfering with the formation of active vitamin K,the amount of vitamin K consumed will influence the dose of the drug required.
B)  Because warfarin functions by promoting with the formation of active vitamin K,the amount of vitamin K consumed will influence the dose of the drug required.
C)  Because warfarin functions as a vitamin K agonist,the less vitamin K consumed the more effective the drug is.
D)  Sodium warfarin acts through metabolism unrelated to vitamin K.E) B) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 17

Which of the following statements best describes how vitamin E protects the cell from oxidative stress?

Accepted Answer

A)  Vitamin E neutralizes a reactive oxygen species by accepting an electron from it.Vitamin E is then regenerated by donating its electron to glutathione.
B)  Vitamin E neutralizes a reactive oxygen species by donating an electron to it.Vitamin E is then regenerated by obtaining an electron from cholesterol which is present in the cell membrane.
C)  Vitamin E neutralizes a reactive oxygen species by donating an electron to it.Vitamin E is then regenerated by obtaining an electron from a water-soluble dietary antioxidant.
D)  Vitamin E neutralizes damaged protein by donating an electron to it.Vitamin E is then regenerated by obtaining an electron from Vitamin A.E) All of the above
F) B) and D)

Question 18

In which group is vitamin E deficiency is likely to be most common?

Accepted Answer

A)  older adults.
B)  premature infants.
C)  teenagers.
D)  pregnant women.E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 19

In its role as an antioxidant,after vitamin E donates an electron to a reactive oxygen species.It is then regenerated by what molecule?

Accepted Answer

A)  Isoflavone
B)  Vitamin A
C)  phospholipid
D)  Vitamin CE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 20

Which group of people is most at risk for vitamin D deficiency?

Accepted Answer

A)  the elderly
B)  light-skinned children
C)  pregnant women
D)  teenagersE) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

Exam 9: The Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Which group of people is most at risk for vitamin D deficiency?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is the vitamin D deficiency disease in adults which is characterized by bone and muscle pain?

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What is the main reason vitamin D supplements are recommended for the elderly?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Beta-carotene is LEAST plentiful in which food?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Why must vitamin K intake be consistent when taking the anti-coagulant drug sodium warfarin?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is Vitamin E's primary function in the body?

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In which group is vitamin E deficiency is likely to be most common?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which statement does NOT describe menaquinones?

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Vitamin A toxicity occurs most frequently when large amounts of what product is consumed?

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Xerophthalmia occurs when vitamin A is deficient in the diet.What part of the body is affected?

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What is the key function of Vitamin A in gene expression?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is the relationship between vitamin D and its receptor?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is the purpose of retinol activity equivalents?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is the visual pigment that helps transform energy from light into a nerve impulse sent to the brain?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which part of the body is most affected when keratomalacia occurs?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Carotenoids can accumulate in the adipose tissue causing skin to appear yellow.Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following statements best describes how vitamin E protects the cell from oxidative stress?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In its role as an antioxidant,after vitamin E donates an electron to a reactive oxygen species.It is then regenerated by what molecule?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following statements regarding vitamin A in the diet is TRUE?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which mineral is needed for proper vitamin A transport and metabolism?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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